What is Ballast, and How Has it Shaped the Automotive and Other Industries?

Ballast is a crucial counterweight that ensures ship stability

The weight of a ship, exemplified by the expression “a 300,000-ton tanker,” is calculated through its displacement tonnage, a concept rooted in Archimedes’ principle. It states that a ship’s weight is equal to the weight of the water displaced when the ship is afloat, making displacement a practical indicator for expressing a ship’s weight.

Tankers and cargo ships are designed to be stable when loaded with cargo. Once they are unloaded, they rise higher on the water surface due to buoyancy and become less stable. To counter this problem, seawater is pumped into ballast tanks located at the bottom or under the vessel to serve as weight to maintain stability. This water is commonly known as ballast water.

Gas-discharge lamps require ballasts for current stabilization

A gas-discharge lamp illuminates by generating an electric discharge within a sealed glass tube containing a mixture of gases, such as neon and xenon, along with metal vapors like mercury and sodium. The lamp is started up by applying a high voltage to the electrodes. But once the process begins, an unlimited amount of current will flow if left uncontrolled, which could lead to the lamp’s destruction. To prevent this, gas-discharge lamps have a component called an electrical ballast, named in analogy to weight stability on ships.

The role of ballasts for fluorescent lights

Discharge lamps and fluorescent lamps share similar characteristics. Traditionally, choke ballasts, which are inductors made of coils wound around iron cores, have been used with fluorescent lamps. Coils are effective in stabilizing current and preventing it from fluctuating or spiraling out of control. When a coil applies a braking effect on alternating current, it stores electrical energy in the form of magnetic energy. The high voltage required to turn on fluorescent lamps is conveniently supplied by rapidly releasing this stored magnetic energy.

High-intensity discharge lamps need electronic ballasts to fire up

There are three basic types of fluorescent lights, distinguished by their starting methods: electronic ballast (also known as an inverter), rapid start, and glow switch. Electronic ballasts, commonly found in rapid start fixtures, are compact and lightweight. They use transformers constructed with ferrite cores instead of heavy choke coils wound around iron cores.

High-intensity discharge (HID) lamps, such as metal-halide (MH) lamps, are commonly used in automotive headlight systems and require electronic ballasts. Halogen lamps, which came before HIDs, were enhanced versions of incandescent bulbs. They emit light by simply passing a current through a filament and do not require a complex electronic circuit. HID lamps, on the other hand, are gas-discharge lamps that require high voltages and the use of electronic ballasts. Despite the increased costs, the benefits of this technology—including high luminous efficiency, energy efficiency, and long service life—have led HID lamps to become popular in the automotive headlight industry since the 1990s, replacing halogen lamps.

An electronic ballast for starting an automotive HID lamp consists of multiple components, including a DC-DC converter to boost the battery’s 12-volt voltage, an inverter to convert the boosted DC into high-voltage pulses, a control circuit to maintain stable lighting conditions, and an igniter circuit to initiate the discharge by applying a high voltage to the HID lamp’s electrodes.

The igniter circuit incorporates an electronic component known as a switching spark gap (SSG), the equivalent of a glow switch starter used in fluorescent light fixtures.

TDK’s compact, high-performance switching spark gap (SSG)

The SSG, like the glow switch starter, is a small discharge tube. It is a switching element with a simple structure consisting of electrodes facing each other within a gas-filled container. When a certain voltage level is applied to the electrodes, a discharge occurs, releasing a burst of current. This current generates a high-voltage starting pulse on the secondary side of a connected transformer, which initiates the discharge and ignition of the HID lamp. SSGs have several advantages over glow switch starters. They feature minimal power loss during discharge, sustain long service lives, and exhibit exceptional stability. Because of these qualities, their applications are not only in automotive headlights and HID lamps in LCD projectors but also in devices like gas stove igniters. TDK offers a variety of compact, high-performance SSGs, including lead-type and SMD-type variants. For additional information, please visit the Product Center.

LED technology: the fourth generation of lighting

LED technology, known for even better energy efficiency than HID, has gained significant traction in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Since LEDs are point sources of light, they must be structured in arrays to be used in headlights. This paradox has actually led to more freedom in lamp shapes, enabling innovative headlight designs that were previously unthinkable.

LEDs are diodes that emit light when a voltage above a certain threshold is applied, allowing current to flow. Although LEDs do not require high voltages like HID lamps, they do require a dedicated power supply to regulate voltage and current effectively. Otherwise, the LEDs may experience shorter service lives or outright failure.

Many applications rely on LEDs, such as billboards and illumination. Quality power supplies are crucial for maximizing the advantages of LEDs, like energy efficiency and longevity. TDK offers a broad selection of LED power supplies, including products specifically designed for outdoor LED devices.

LED bulbs are replacing incandescent bulbs in homes, as they consume less power and last longer. With built-in power supplies and bases adhering to existing socket standards, transitioning to LED lighting is as simple as swapping incandescent bulbs with their LED counterparts. Other forms of lighting like ceiling lights can be shifted to LED technology by replacing the entire fixture. However, replacing conventional linear fluorescent tubes with LED versions requires caution, as wiring specifications may differ. While some products can be used without modifying the existing fluorescent fixture, they usually require installation by a qualified electrician.

LED lighting is often considered to represent the fourth generation of illumination, succeeding candles and kerosene lamps (first generation), incandescent lamps (second generation), and fluorescent lamps (third generation). The lighting based on organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology is the next generation after LEDs. The entire surface of OLEDs glow, in contrast to LEDs, which shine as points of light. The evolution of lighting continues, promising even more innovation and possibilities in the landscape ahead.